Focal Length - The focal length is specified in millimetres and is determined by the lens you are using. It is a way of describing the magnification of the lens and is normal practice to use 50mm as the standard for an actual size shot for example x1 and therefore 100mm would equate to 2x magnification and 600mm would be the equivalent to 12x magnification, so in simple terms divide the mm by 50 and this will give you the magnification.
Aperture - The aperture determines how wide the shutter opens and how much light is allowed to enter the camera. A high aperture lets in more light and a lower aperture less light, the results when using a high aperture result in a bright picture as apposed to a lower aperture with a dark picture. The aperture also has an effect on the depth of field, which is covered in more detail below.
Depth Of Field - Depth of field is used to describe how much of your picture will be in focus. A narrow depth of field will result in the subject you are focusing on being very clear with a very blurry background, whilst using a wide depth of field will result in both near and far subjects being in focus. The depth of field is controlled by the aperture as above with a larger aperture (lower F stop) resulting in a narrow depth of field and a lower aperture (greater F stop) giving a wider depth of field.
White Balance - The white balance can easily be set and adjusted on DSLR cameras and is set to give a reference point to colours. We see light made up from three primary colours, those being red green and blue, however the white point will have a big influence on how we see these colours. Sometimes referred to as RGB, to give correct colour reference the white balance needs to be set dependent on the lighting conditions, however setting the white balance can easily be reset in most photo editing software you will find this much easier to do when shooting RAW on your camera hire equipment.
Exposure - Exposure determines the brightness you will capture in a shoot. If the picture is over exposed it will contain to much light which results in colours being washed out or in sever cases your pictures will resemble ghost like images, under exposure will result in a dark image again in severe over exposure a black screen. The exposure is set by a combination of the shutter speed, ISO, and aperture, one point worth noting is that under exposure can be corrected by lightening the image in editing software, overexposure will result in loss of detail that can not be corrected by darkening, therefore underexposure is better than overexposure.
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